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Also, as any request to execute a procedure has to find it, the fewer procedures in list, the better performance, albeit we can hardly imagine a case where this would be significant.. This 100% aluminum framed camper trailer sports a silver or white fiberglass exterior with colored graphics.. Many values provided by the system controlled by LBASIC are returned by functions (such as that returns the number of nodes within the current system).

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Obviously, it can erase some variables that do not belong to it, but it is not likely to be a smart move.. However, due to the inner workings of interpret, there might be ways to submit input that is not according to the documentation, yet obtain some results.. They can also: • Call other user procedures • Define, use and erase data variables, including arrays.. Note that, unlike in FORTH, there is no ‘state smart’ word In FORTH, for example, compiling words are usually immediate words that test the state of interpret and – dependent on the state – either do the compilation work or abort with error.

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This is done by appending WHILE Condition or UNTIL Condition modifier to either or or both, for example: DO WHILE Condition.. This is not the best possible way to enter program code, but the program can be loaded from pre-prepared files.. Console Input The commands, as well as procedure code, can be entered in one of two ways.. Unfortunately, most macro languages out there use only integer values, since they are oriented more towards the processing of text or direct control of digital devices.. The later is obviously of any use only in scripts (programs), not in commands entered directly.

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The later is actually not needed when expressions are arguments to a command, only when they are used as arguments for function or indices in array.. If procedure is being defined, the definition mode is abandoned, but the unfinished procedure remains in memory (see ), with Execution flag OFF, so that it can not be triggered by accident (see section on Procedure Management).. Why creating a new one? There is a few reasons why One is the size The script language is supposed to enhance the program, not to replace it in memory.. Thus, if the functionality is to be changed or enhanced, one has to erase the old definition and supply a new one.

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Now which of ‘ K‘s or ‘ M‘s is valid? When the evaluation routine within the interpret searches for a variable by name, it finds the one that was defined last.. Procedure Atributes The procedure behavior can be affected by three attributes These show up when the procedures are listed using directive and are explained below Execute Shows like a ‘X’.. LOOP UNTIL Condition All loop types might be exited from middle by Condition which works for both and constructs.. Thus, to print a value, one types something like PRINT 'Pressure at node',i,'is', (i) or PRINT('Pressure at node',i,'is', SoPressure(i)) In most cases, word is followed by a set of expressions, either numbers or strings, separated by commas and optionally bracketed.. Mark level deals with utility Number of compiled lines is different than the number of source lines, but it can give some information about how large the procedure is.. At this point Wildcard consists of a full name (lists the particular region), partial name ended with ‘*’ (lists all regions with names started by partial name) or ‘*’ (to get all regions).. Loading a File LBASIC script in a file is loaded using a directive Filename Note that this is a directive and cannot be embedded into procedures.. The FORTRAN syntax is a way too obsolete for an efficient macro programming The second question is why a script language at all.. Nonetheless, the bad and ugly are there as well: • The data values changed since last are not restored • Any procedures ed since last MARK are lost, even if they existed prior to MARK.. The reason is that the procedure interpretation differs from the interpretation of command line.. In such a case, zero is false, any non-zero value is true If a set of expressions is needed, the expressions should be separated by comma and bracketed.. If this is the case, various parts of the program try to label ‘their’ console by text preceding output lines and, possibly, by a different prompt.. Note that there is nothing like a “system” variable in LBASIC Values associated with the problem being solved, such as the number of nodes or pressure at node 0, are available as functions with no argument.. Syntax of arguments for these is a little bit different than that for the language commands and they are not available for compiled procedures.. The following searches will always return the newer variable and it will be used in expressions, assignments, etc.. Procedures LBASIC programming consists of creating new procedures (or words) These are individual programs that can enhance the capability of the basic system by combining multiple operations or repetitive tasks into a single command.. Logging is disabled by a simple ECHO directive without a parameter Since ECHO is directive, its argument is not a string, i.. e : WORDS AU will display information about AUTO or AUTOSOLVE – assuming they are defined – but not about NI or ALTER.. Some console implementations (say Windows NT 4) go much further than that, providing full command line editing and history.. Processing will possibly consists of a fair amount of algebra, some logic selections and some repetitive steps.. Most of the built-in commands, all variables and all user defined procedures (programs, words) are available at this level.. In the slave version, the master program supplies the command lines Each line can contain a single command, optionally followed by arguments and comment delimited by a single quote (‘).. The order of variables is from the newest to the oldest This means that if several variables have the same name, the first one is accessible.. This is because the expression evaluator will apply the operators when expression is terminated by comma, bracket or end of line.. Variables has to be declared/dimensioned prior to use System allows for selective erasing of variables as well as for the temporary redefinition.. For the sake of readability we recommend (but do not enforce) bracketing of function arguments even when this is not necessary.. The fiberglass fenders match the graphics and meld seamlessly with the alloy mag wheels.. Consequently, we can evaluate the parameters prior to calling a command in interpret loop and this allows for much simpler and shorter program source.. When a new variable is created, it is added to the linked structure This happens regardless of whether the variable with this name already exists.. Like in BASIC (and unlike in FORTH which expects arguments already on stack) arguments follow the command.. However, once the new variable is erased (command will obviously find it first as well), the old variable reappears.. The doors are double locking and feature a portal window with circular blind The trailer also features 2 opening windows with screen/shades as well as a full galley in the rear with sink and stove.. • Any variables d are lost • MARK and RELEASE kill even ed procedures! Data and Variables Data can be temporarily stored in variable.. Note that it is possible to load files recursively, i e , the ‘loaded’ lines may load another file that will be processed prior to continuing with the current file.. The more elementary reason to create a complex command interpret is the desire to create ‘macro’ commands that simplify the elementary operations during filling simulation.. The commands to be executed conditionally might span multiple lines and can contain another IF ENDIF block(s).. For example, the separation of arguments by comma is not enforced, but is advisable.. Allows execution of the procedure This attribute is not controlled by user, but by LBASIC.. Flow Control Flow control within the procedures (the command line (direct) input can not be controlled too much) rests on a few traditional structures.. e , legal names of variables or procedures, specific tokens, or filenames Issuing Commands Commands, or words, are typed on command line and can be immediately executed.. 0 does not exist any more Its successor is more or less standard BASIC i=Start TO End.. Procedures can have scalar arguments and create local variables Support is provided for variable number of arguments and for non-standard format of arguments (e.. g , IF IsDefined('CalculateIt')1 THEN MESSAGE ('Load Module 'CALCULAT LB ' First!' ) STOP ENDIF REM Whatever the procedure does.. If the procedure wishes to handle its arguments at its own, function will return just the string following the procedure without any parsing.. User should and redefine this procedure The other attributes are advanced topics.. First question on mind is whether we need it There is a number of similar things out there, often within the ‘freeware’ domain.. This file then provides the exact series of commands as they were issued to interpreter.. Thus, running: M should reply with an empty string, instead of ‘0’ output from a non-initialized number.. When a new procedure is defined, this attribute is reset When its compilation finishes by successful it is set to allow the procedure to run.. Uniqueness is important only within a context Procedure should not be named as a system command, as in such a case system would try to execute the system command first, albeit it should still be possible to explicitly the procedure.. • Use the fact that config lim is loaded and interpreted prior to any user input and add your definitions to that file.. The procedure compilation starts with line ProcName When this line is encountered, LBASIC switches to compilation mode.. The system allows to log all given commands (including these read from files) into a file via Filename directive.. AND and OR are logical operations that return numeric 1 (true) or 0 (false) • Functions (too many to list).. Loading Files File containing either procedure definitions or direct code can be loaded using Filename directive.. This actually causes console to read lines from that file as long as the file is not terminated.. Most commands have fixed number of parameters Some commands will use defaults for parameters that are missing (see ).. System processes the line and prompts user for another one Editing of the input line is completely dependent on the platform.. • It is nearly impossible to untangle what went wrong with deeply nested file loads.. Listing Commands The directive Letter(s) displays list of all defined variables starting with Letter(s).. WORDS also shows three procedure attributes – execute, read only and ignore error.. Nesting of loaded files can be useful but should not be abused First, while the implementation of program does not restrict the depth of nesting, each nested file remains open.. Commands Commands concerning simulation, input, output or the workings of the interpret can be issued either at the command line (prompt) or in procedures.. The order of precedence for evaluation is: • Constant arguments • Functions without any parameters • Array de-referencing • Functions with parameters • Unary minus (-) • Exponentiation (^) • Multiplication and division (*, /, DIV, MOD) • Addition and substraction (+, -) • Comparison (, =,, =) • Logical negation (NOT) • Logical multiplication (AND) • Logical addition (OR) Logical interpretation of numerical result is that non-zero value is TRUE, zero FALSE.. When a directive ECHO without any parameters is encountered, recording stops and the file is closed.. The program is not a mind reader and does not know that a value of 10E-20 is effectively 0.. Also, procedure can check whether there is support code present at the moment it is run.. More important is to follow LBASIC is supposed to be the script language to control the flow of simulation in LIMS 4.. It has to begin with letter followed optionally by additional alphanumeric characters.. ’ Strings are stored as counted strings with length limited to 255 characters.. Two operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left The order can be changed by brackets.. However, it is poor practice to do such things Redefining a variable creates the second variable of the same name (but possibly conflicting type).. Since, when procedure is running, you can not load (i e , interpret file), it has to display message and wait for user to furnish proper module, e.. LB #ENDIF will test if there is a defined procedure ControlGate If there is none, it loads the definition from file.. Note that the case of letters is not important – all searches and comparisons convert identifiers to uppercase.. LOOP Since it is rarely useful to do things infinitely, one can add conditions to leave the loop at the beginning or the end if certain Condition is (or is not) met.. • Add just the following line LOAD File into config lim in order to keep that file simple and loaded routines current.. The basis is, however, the same Commands are input on line-by-line basis from console.. LIMS interprets the command and waits for another line of input The console might actually be a window, or it might cover the whole screen and work as a teletype.. Some return strings, some numerical values Check reference for number and type of arguments.. Second reasons are strings attached to quite a few ‘free’ programs Nonetheless, these two reasons are relatively minor objections.. This allows local variables to exist Redefining a procedure with a given name is impossible.. Mark and Release These directives work simulaneously for variables and procedures.. Variables LBASIC uses variables for temporary storage of data The data types supported are: double precision floating point numbers, strings, 1-dimensional floating point arrays (vectors) and 2 dimensional arrays of floating point values (matrices).. If you prefer spaces, it might seem that 1 2 works exactly as PRINT 1,2 but PRINT 1+2 3 will output 1 5 instead of 3 3 as expected.. Note on Using ‘Features’ LBASIC was written for simplicity first There is a considerable amount of error checking going on and most ‘garbled’ input will be refused.. Function allows to detect whether a procedure with a given name exists, as long as there is no variable with conflicting name.. If a line such as above is encountered during the procedure compilation, reference to CALL function is recorded together with the procedure name and argument expressions.. Conditional execution is accomplished by a usual Condition THEN Whatever is to be done when Condition returns non-zero.. This is traditional for BASICs but inconvenient with ‘C’ indexing (0-based) that is used elsewhere in the program.. Vector (one dimensional numeric array) and matrix (two dimensional one) are the only compound types used.. If this is not the case, it interprets the line as ProcName Argument1 , searches for a procedure ProcName and executes it, passing it the arguments from the command line.. Repetitive execution is handled by the means of loops The construct LOOP n NEXT of LIMS prior to 4.. Similarly, variable name should not duplicate name of system function, as Evaluate would try to execute the function instead.. To declare string variable(s) and Var1(D1[,D2]), Var2(D1[,D2]) To declare and size array(s) Once existent, any type variable might be erased using command Var1, Var2.. The galley also is set up for an optional fridge/freezer Specifications Inside Width: 58″ Fender to Fender Width: 68″ Inside Height: 52″ Exterior Height: 74″ Floor Length: 115″ Overall Length: 13′ Inside Length: 76″ Receiver Size: None GAWR (Axle Rating): 2200 lbs.. It allows to replace a set of commands by a single command – without modifying the program code.. I ‘ I‘ has to be an existing simple numerical variable (any numerical variable can be used).. Note that ‘compiled’ lines may be somehow different from the number of source lines as some source lines produce no code and some do produce several lines.. Expression is a formula containing numbers or strings that is evaluated according to the rules presented in this section.. These are ‘Interpret-only’ words On the other hand, some words are limited to be compiled into procedures.. However, the user interface uses 1-based numbers for entities that are internally (and in.. To accomplish this, the interpret has to be able to do computations in floating point arithmetic.. Expressions Expression is formula that can be evaluated to either a number or a string value.. Once defined, procedure differs little from a built-in command Since it can have ‘local’ variables and take arguments, the script program can be built in a reasonably structured style.. The good news is that you can discard all procedures and variables defined since the last MARK by issuing command You can, of course, repeat it if there are more marks available.. This approach is discouraged as: • There is nothing to be gained, with exception of possibly few keystrokes.. Wishing to learn Visual Basic programming or Microsoft Access Basic programming L-Basic emphasizes teaching programming concepts rather than teaching how to use visual controls.. The keywords to use are Var1, Var2 And Var1, Var2 To declare numeric variable(s), Var1, Var2.. g , string without quotes) Recursion is basically possible, but not encouraged, since there is a limit on both the depth of call nesting and the number of variables available.. The file does not contain any lines printed by interpreter and prompt strings Conditional Interpretation Sometimes it is desirable that the script (a.. Having a variable and procedure with the same name should not cause any problems.. Arguments Procedures can be called with scalar arguments following its name It obtains them via system functions and.. While it might be possible to adjust existing code, the required effort might be quite significant.. You might do one of the following: • Create a file and load it manually by File every time you start.. Integers are stored as doubles as well This should not limit the integer precision at all, does not affect memory usage (as scalar variable is stored as union) and, on machines with hardware floating point operations, it should not entail any significant performance penalty.. The above mentioned capability allows user to write recursive procedures but we do not encourage the practice.. Roof Vent: 14″ x 14″ Rim Type: Alloy Stone Guard: Yes Frame Type: Steel Curb Weight: 875lb Tongue Weight: 90 lbs.. Letter case is not significant Convention in this manual is to use all caps words to denote keywords and initial caps – lowercase words for identifiers, but this is merely authors preference.. This attribute is set by: Procname and again, there is no way to reset it, baring ing and re-loading.. Note that if error happens in procedure called by the procedure that has Ignore-Error flag set, the system will abort as the procedure error handling depends on the precious little self and not the caller.. e , there are no leading/terminating quotes If error occurs during input, LBASIC displays a message and waits for another line.. Its value is set to Start and incremented by 1 each step – until it exceeds End.. Loaded file can contain anything you can enter from command line: directives and commands, declaration of variables and definition and execution of procedures.. This feature is useful, since file containing some useful definitions may load other necessary useful definitions.. Occasionally, a list of identifiers or additional tokens are required instead of values.. In the last case, dimensions are displayed as well Mark level deals with utility.. Ignore-Error Shows like ‘I’ Prevents interpret from aborting when error occurs during execution of a primitive command within the procedure.. Numbers are stored as double precision floating point numbers, i e , the precision should be sufficient for most applications (at least 10 digits by ANSI C [1], 15-16 digits in native 8 byte IEEE format on Intel chips [2]).. The exponent range is uncertain(only up to 10+38 by standard), but in most cases it is much higher(up to 10+308 in 8 byte IEEE format [2]).. ’ and exponent part labeled by ‘E’ are fine The numbers might also start with decimal ‘.. In this mode commands are added to the currently defined procedure instead of being executed.. Expects variable length (empty is OK) list of expressions Generally, if input is being directly interpreted, the command is executed.. Which procedures are displayed can be specified by typing one or more characters following the keyword.. The remedy is to prepare individual procedures carefully and – above all – not to create really large files.. Once the file is exhausted (no more lines) it is closed and next input line is read from the source that issued load directive – either a command line or another loaded file (nesting).. While this might seem a redundant capability, there is a number of uses of this: • To save memory and speed up execution.. All values are stored as double floating point numbers, so a certain care is needed when there is a possible roundoff.. Elements of LBASIC Directives Directives are commands that influence the way the interpret interacts with user/input file.. • Take a variable number of scalar (number, string) arguments • Execute commands conditionally or repetitively (in loops).. However, in order to modify the location of inlets and vents or control inlet pressure according to the program in the real-word injection setup the user has to have the ability to process ‘signal’ in fairly complex way.. The non-expression arguments appear for a limited set of keywords These can be either identifiers, i.. • There can not be two procedures of the same name – basically because of what is called late binding.. Of course, if error occurs, the previous statement probably did not do what it should – and the system might be in questionable state.. This is, by the way, the usual definition of PI in BASIC dialects This approach allows the modules within the LIMS program itself to control access to their private data.. Prevents ing the procedure This attribute is set by ProcName and once set it can not be reset.. Or IF Condition THEN REM Whatever is to be done when Condition returns non-zero.. The call is de-referenced only when the code is run – then the procedure ProcName is searched for and executed.. Also, careful use of conditional interpreting and function can help Identifiers Identifier is used to label either a variable or a procedure.. Getting Help There are three directives to list the defined identifiers They are available even when you are in the middle of procedure definition.. Some commands can be executed only when procedure is not being defined Most obvious is PROC Procname.. This behavior allows an important feature to exist If procedure declares variable at the beginning of its execution and erases it before it returns control, the variable is, for all practical purposes, ‘local’.. Procedure is identified by an identifier – string of up to 15 alphanumeric characters beginning with letter.. The first one returns number of arguments passed to the function, the second one returns i-th argument that might be either number or string.. Algebraic and logical operations on simulation data can be done within procedures and used to control program flow via conditional statements and loops.. Variable is identified by an identifier of up to 15 alphanumeric characters, starting with letter.. If the compilation fails because of an error, it remains reset and that’s it Read-Only Shows like a ‘R’.. For example, in LET MaxPres = SoPressure(0) the command expects an identifier ( MaxPres), then a specific token ( =) and then an expression.. If, however, a procedure is being defined – i e , Procname command was issued and not terminated by command, direct commands are being compiled into procedure Procname and will be executed only when this is done and Procname is called.. c module) It can also use variables, including array elements Brackets and ‘standard’ evaluation priorities apply and recursive evaluation (such as the evaluation of function arguments or array indices) is handled properly.. Only the second point has been already illustrated We will look at these points in more detail in following sections.. Listing of Available Procedures List of existing procedures, their size and attributes can be obtained by typing on command line.. True Procedures Procedures are building blocks of any script (program) as well as means to extend the rather limited repertoire of built-in controls.. If is called, it will return error number from the last executed line, but otherwise nothing happens.. • To get rid of procedures whose definition was aborted because of error This procedure has to be redefined, since it cannot be run.. Autoload File You might want to load some procedure definitions or variable declarations every time you run LIMS.. Thus, multiple variables with same name might coexist To prove this, we can run: ##> DEFINT i,j,k ##> DEFDBL k,l,m ##> DEFSTRING m,n ##> DIM n(4),o(3,3) ##> The last command should print (ignoring counts): O: Matrix of 3x3 elements N: Vector of 4 elements N: String value M: String value M: Floating point value L: Floating point value K: Floating point value K: Floating point value J: Floating point value I: Floating point value Well, they coexist.. Thus, to replace the sequence SETOUTTYPE 'TPLT' WRITE Filename,3 by PLOT Filename we might, instead of digging in the program code itself, create PROC PLOT SETOUTTYPE 'TPLT' WRITE ARGUMENT(1),3 ENDPROC or more bulletproof PROC PLOT IF ((ARGC=1) THEN IF (ISSTRING(ARGUMENT(1)))) THEN SETOUTTYPE 'TPLT' WRITE ARGUMENT(1),3 ENDIF ELSE MESSAGE('Call as PLOT Filename') ENDIF ENDPROC and load the procedure during the program initialization process.. First, it should not matter if you decide to name your variable the same as keyword (or procedure) as the search in tables depends on context.. In case the script author wants to prevent the user from FORGETing a procedure, procedure can be protected from being FORGETed by command.. The T@G also includes genuine wood cabinetry, LED lights and a high quality, padded mattress.. The second reason are users of LIMS, which are people with engineering background.. Most errors that happen can be easily reversed Unwanted or unfinished procedures may be FORGETed and mistakenly created variables d.. These are the obvious ENDPROC as well as THEN ELSE, control loops These are ‘compiling’ words.. We might have added some additional checking For example, Filename should be at least one character long and we could have checked this easily, but this is described in more detail later.. Minimum is teletype writing with the only possible editing via a BACKSPACE or DELETE key.. Maximal length is 15 characters If more is given, the name is truncated and it may lead to undesirable effects.. The tongue of the trailer features the T@B LP tank, which also houses the battery.. Moreover, the language structure provides for extremely easy addition of new functions or operators into the source code.. Finally, the directive Wildcard lists all the regions whose name matches to Wildcard and their type.. Procedures take some dynamically allocated memory that can be used for better purpose.. For individual commands, these rudimentary capabilities are essentially sufficient.. Obviously, some flexibility is sacrificed Then, LBASIC is not FORTH, does not use RPN and has a very different purpose.. Defined procedures can be erased and redefined if it is necessary Basic Operation Basic operations of the LIMS 4 control shell vary with the environment the program runs in.. In LBASIC the interpret loop is considerably more complex and it decides what can and what cannot be done and calls the words with appropriate parameters.. Defining a ‘Macro’ Type Procedure Macro procedure is just a series of commands to be run by typing a single word.

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